Regulation by biotic stress of tannins biosynthesis in Quercus ilex: Crosstalk between defoliation and Phytophthora cinnamomi infection.
Identifieur interne : 000397 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000396; suivant : 000398Regulation by biotic stress of tannins biosynthesis in Quercus ilex: Crosstalk between defoliation and Phytophthora cinnamomi infection.
Auteurs : Alejandro Gallardo [Espagne] ; David Morcuende [Espagne] ; Alejandro Solla [Espagne] ; Gerardo Moreno [Espagne] ; Fernando Pulido [Espagne] ; Alberto Quesada [Espagne]Source :
- Physiologia plantarum [ 1399-3054 ] ; 2019.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- ARN messager (génétique), ARN messager (métabolisme), Feuilles de plante (physiologie), Gènes de plante (MeSH), Isoenzymes (métabolisme), Maladies des plantes (génétique), Maladies des plantes (microbiologie), Modèles linéaires (MeSH), Phylogenèse (MeSH), Phytophthora (physiologie), Quercus (génétique), Quercus (microbiologie), Quercus (physiologie), Régulation de l'expression des gènes végétaux (MeSH), Stress physiologique (MeSH), Succinate Dehydrogenase (métabolisme), Tanins (biosynthèse), Tanins (composition chimique), Transduction du signal (MeSH), Voies de biosynthèse (génétique).
- MESH :
- biosynthèse : Tanins.
- composition chimique : Tanins.
- génétique : ARN messager, Maladies des plantes, Quercus, Voies de biosynthèse.
- microbiologie : Maladies des plantes, Quercus.
- métabolisme : ARN messager, Isoenzymes, Succinate Dehydrogenase.
- physiologie : Feuilles de plante, Phytophthora, Quercus.
- Gènes de plante, Modèles linéaires, Phylogenèse, Régulation de l'expression des gènes végétaux, Stress physiologique, Transduction du signal.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Biosynthetic Pathways (genetics), Gene Expression Regulation, Plant (MeSH), Genes, Plant (MeSH), Isoenzymes (metabolism), Linear Models (MeSH), Phylogeny (MeSH), Phytophthora (physiology), Plant Diseases (genetics), Plant Diseases (microbiology), Plant Leaves (physiology), Quercus (genetics), Quercus (microbiology), Quercus (physiology), RNA, Messenger (genetics), RNA, Messenger (metabolism), Signal Transduction (MeSH), Stress, Physiological (MeSH), Succinate Dehydrogenase (metabolism), Tannins (biosynthesis), Tannins (chemistry).
- MESH :
- chemical , biosynthesis : Tannins.
- chemical , chemistry : Tannins.
- chemical , genetics : RNA, Messenger.
- chemical , metabolism : Isoenzymes, RNA, Messenger, Succinate Dehydrogenase.
- genetics : Biosynthetic Pathways, Plant Diseases, Quercus.
- microbiology : Plant Diseases, Quercus.
- physiology : Phytophthora, Plant Leaves, Quercus.
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Genes, Plant, Linear Models, Phylogeny, Signal Transduction, Stress, Physiological.
Abstract
Sustainability of the Mediterranean forest is threatened by oak decline, a disease of holm oak and other Quercus species that is initiated by infection with the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi. Focusing on the role of tannins in the chemical defense of plants, this work investigated whether tannins content in Quercus ilex is regulated by biotic stress. Screening of published genomes allowed the identification of Quercus sequences encoding enzymes for early steps of the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, like hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins (CT) among others, plus genes involved in the late steps of CT biosynthesis. Four days after treatment of Q. ilex seedlings by mechanical defoliation, P. cinnamomi infection and both stressors simultaneously, mRNA concentrations for tannins biosynthesis enzymes were measured in leaves. Among the transcript amount for shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.25), anthocyanidin reductase (EC 1.3.1.77), anthocyanidin synthase (EC 1.14.11.19) and leucoanthocyanidine reductase (EC 1.17.1.3), defoliation induced gene expression for SDH2 isoenzyme. About 4 days after infection of roots by P. cinnamomi, this up-regulation was canceled and SDH enzyme activity decreased. Furthermore, during this late stage of biotrophic interaction the pathogen switched off the correlation engaged by defoliation between the expression of SDH1 and SDH2 encoding genes and chemical defenses corresponding to total tannins, which were down-regulated. Thus, tannins biosynthesis in seedlings of Q. ilex is induced after mechanical defoliation whereas infection by the pathogen interferes with this regulation, potentially increasing the susceptibility of plants to herbivory and aggravating the impact of biotic stress.
DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12848
PubMed: 30294855
Affiliations:
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David" sort="Morcuende, David" uniqKey="Morcuende D" first="David" last="Morcuende">David Morcuende</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>IPROCAR Research Institute, TECAL Research Group, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>IPROCAR Research Institute, TECAL Research Group, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Estrémadure</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Solla, Alejandro" sort="Solla, Alejandro" uniqKey="Solla A" first="Alejandro" last="Solla">Alejandro Solla</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600, Plasencia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Ingeniería Forestal y del 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wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Estrémadure</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Mérida (Espagne)</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Estrémadure</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Physiologia plantarum</title><idno type="eISSN">1399-3054</idno><imprint><date when="2019" type="published">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Biosynthetic Pathways (genetics)</term><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Plant (MeSH)</term><term>Genes, Plant (MeSH)</term><term>Isoenzymes (metabolism)</term><term>Linear Models (MeSH)</term><term>Phylogeny (MeSH)</term><term>Phytophthora (physiology)</term><term>Plant Diseases (genetics)</term><term>Plant Diseases (microbiology)</term><term>Plant Leaves (physiology)</term><term>Quercus (genetics)</term><term>Quercus (microbiology)</term><term>Quercus (physiology)</term><term>RNA, Messenger (genetics)</term><term>RNA, Messenger (metabolism)</term><term>Signal Transduction (MeSH)</term><term>Stress, Physiological (MeSH)</term><term>Succinate Dehydrogenase (metabolism)</term><term>Tannins (biosynthesis)</term><term>Tannins (chemistry)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN messager (génétique)</term><term>ARN messager (métabolisme)</term><term>Feuilles de plante (physiologie)</term><term>Gènes de plante (MeSH)</term><term>Isoenzymes (métabolisme)</term><term>Maladies des plantes (génétique)</term><term>Maladies des plantes (microbiologie)</term><term>Modèles linéaires (MeSH)</term><term>Phylogenèse (MeSH)</term><term>Phytophthora (physiologie)</term><term>Quercus (génétique)</term><term>Quercus (microbiologie)</term><term>Quercus (physiologie)</term><term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes végétaux (MeSH)</term><term>Stress physiologique (MeSH)</term><term>Succinate Dehydrogenase (métabolisme)</term><term>Tanins (biosynthèse)</term><term>Tanins (composition chimique)</term><term>Transduction du signal (MeSH)</term><term>Voies de biosynthèse (génétique)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="biosynthesis" xml:lang="en"><term>Tannins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Tannins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Messenger</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Isoenzymes</term><term>RNA, Messenger</term><term>Succinate Dehydrogenase</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="biosynthèse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Tanins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="composition chimique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Tanins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Biosynthetic Pathways</term><term>Plant Diseases</term><term>Quercus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN messager</term><term>Maladies des plantes</term><term>Quercus</term><term>Voies de biosynthèse</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Maladies des plantes</term><term>Quercus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Diseases</term><term>Quercus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN messager</term><term>Isoenzymes</term><term>Succinate Dehydrogenase</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Feuilles de plante</term><term>Phytophthora</term><term>Quercus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Phytophthora</term><term>Plant Leaves</term><term>Quercus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Plant</term><term>Genes, Plant</term><term>Linear Models</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Signal Transduction</term><term>Stress, Physiological</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Gènes de plante</term><term>Modèles linéaires</term><term>Phylogenèse</term><term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes végétaux</term><term>Stress physiologique</term><term>Transduction du signal</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Sustainability of the Mediterranean forest is threatened by oak decline, a disease of holm oak and other Quercus species that is initiated by infection with the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi. Focusing on the role of tannins in the chemical defense of plants, this work investigated whether tannins content in Quercus ilex is regulated by biotic stress. Screening of published genomes allowed the identification of Quercus sequences encoding enzymes for early steps of the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, like hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins (CT) among others, plus genes involved in the late steps of CT biosynthesis. Four days after treatment of Q. ilex seedlings by mechanical defoliation, P. cinnamomi infection and both stressors simultaneously, mRNA concentrations for tannins biosynthesis enzymes were measured in leaves. Among the transcript amount for shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.25), anthocyanidin reductase (EC 1.3.1.77), anthocyanidin synthase (EC 1.14.11.19) and leucoanthocyanidine reductase (EC 1.17.1.3), defoliation induced gene expression for SDH2 isoenzyme. About 4 days after infection of roots by P. cinnamomi, this up-regulation was canceled and SDH enzyme activity decreased. Furthermore, during this late stage of biotrophic interaction the pathogen switched off the correlation engaged by defoliation between the expression of SDH1 and SDH2 encoding genes and chemical defenses corresponding to total tannins, which were down-regulated. Thus, tannins biosynthesis in seedlings of Q. ilex is induced after mechanical defoliation whereas infection by the pathogen interferes with this regulation, potentially increasing the susceptibility of plants to herbivory and aggravating the impact of biotic stress.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">30294855</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2019</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>08</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2019</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>15</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1399-3054</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>165</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><PubDate><Year>2019</Year><Month>Feb</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Physiologia plantarum</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Physiol Plant</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Regulation by biotic stress of tannins biosynthesis in Quercus ilex: Crosstalk between defoliation and Phytophthora cinnamomi infection.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>319-329</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1111/ppl.12848</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Sustainability of the Mediterranean forest is threatened by oak decline, a disease of holm oak and other Quercus species that is initiated by infection with the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi. Focusing on the role of tannins in the chemical defense of plants, this work investigated whether tannins content in Quercus ilex is regulated by biotic stress. Screening of published genomes allowed the identification of Quercus sequences encoding enzymes for early steps of the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, like hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins (CT) among others, plus genes involved in the late steps of CT biosynthesis. Four days after treatment of Q. ilex seedlings by mechanical defoliation, P. cinnamomi infection and both stressors simultaneously, mRNA concentrations for tannins biosynthesis enzymes were measured in leaves. Among the transcript amount for shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.25), anthocyanidin reductase (EC 1.3.1.77), anthocyanidin synthase (EC 1.14.11.19) and leucoanthocyanidine reductase (EC 1.17.1.3), defoliation induced gene expression for SDH2 isoenzyme. About 4 days after infection of roots by P. cinnamomi, this up-regulation was canceled and SDH enzyme activity decreased. Furthermore, during this late stage of biotrophic interaction the pathogen switched off the correlation engaged by defoliation between the expression of SDH1 and SDH2 encoding genes and chemical defenses corresponding to total tannins, which were down-regulated. Thus, tannins biosynthesis in seedlings of Q. ilex is induced after mechanical defoliation whereas infection by the pathogen interferes with this regulation, potentially increasing the susceptibility of plants to herbivory and aggravating the impact of biotic stress.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2018 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gallardo</LastName><ForeName>Alejandro</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Morcuende</LastName><ForeName>David</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IPROCAR Research Institute, TECAL Research Group, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Solla</LastName><ForeName>Alejandro</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600, Plasencia, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moreno</LastName><ForeName>Gerardo</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600, Plasencia, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pulido</LastName><ForeName>Fernando</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600, Plasencia, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Quesada</LastName><ForeName>Alberto</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9952-977X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>Project 956</GrantID><Agency>Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales)</Agency><Country></Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>15</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Denmark</Country><MedlineTA>Physiol Plant</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>1256322</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0031-9317</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007527">Isoenzymes</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012333">RNA, Messenger</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D013634">Tannins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 1.3.99.1</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D013385">Succinate Dehydrogenase</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053898" MajorTopicYN="N">Biosynthetic Pathways</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018506" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Expression Regulation, Plant</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017343" MajorTopicYN="N">Genes, Plant</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007527" MajorTopicYN="N">Isoenzymes</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016014" MajorTopicYN="N">Linear Models</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010802" MajorTopicYN="N">Phylogeny</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010838" MajorTopicYN="N">Phytophthora</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010935" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Diseases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018515" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Leaves</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D029963" MajorTopicYN="N">Quercus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012333" MajorTopicYN="N">RNA, Messenger</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015398" MajorTopicYN="N">Signal Transduction</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013312" MajorTopicYN="Y">Stress, Physiological</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013385" MajorTopicYN="N">Succinate Dehydrogenase</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013634" MajorTopicYN="N">Tannins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000096" MajorTopicYN="Y">biosynthesis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2018</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>15</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2018</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2018</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>02</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2018</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2019</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2018</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">30294855</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1111/ppl.12848</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Espagne</li></country><region><li>Estrémadure</li></region><settlement><li>Mérida (Espagne)</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Estrémadure</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Espagne"><region name="Estrémadure"><name sortKey="Gallardo, Alejandro" sort="Gallardo, Alejandro" uniqKey="Gallardo A" first="Alejandro" last="Gallardo">Alejandro Gallardo</name></region><name sortKey="Morcuende, David" sort="Morcuende, David" uniqKey="Morcuende D" first="David" last="Morcuende">David Morcuende</name><name sortKey="Moreno, Gerardo" sort="Moreno, Gerardo" uniqKey="Moreno G" first="Gerardo" last="Moreno">Gerardo Moreno</name><name sortKey="Pulido, Fernando" sort="Pulido, Fernando" uniqKey="Pulido F" first="Fernando" last="Pulido">Fernando Pulido</name><name sortKey="Quesada, Alberto" sort="Quesada, Alberto" uniqKey="Quesada A" first="Alberto" last="Quesada">Alberto Quesada</name><name sortKey="Solla, Alejandro" sort="Solla, Alejandro" uniqKey="Solla A" first="Alejandro" last="Solla">Alejandro Solla</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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|texte= Regulation by biotic stress of tannins biosynthesis in Quercus ilex: Crosstalk between defoliation and Phytophthora cinnamomi infection.
}}
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